Executive Summary

Bybit's Lazarus Security Lab has identified 16 blockchain networks that possess the technical capability to freeze or restrict user funds. This report uncovers the various freezing mechanisms present at the protocol level, as well as the potential risks associated with censorship and centralized control in blockchain systems.

Fund Freezing Mechanisms

Bybit's Lazarus Security Lab found three distinct mechanisms for freezing funds at the protocol level:

  1. Hardcoded Freezing or Public Blacklist: A mechanism embedded directly into the network's source code.
  2. Configuration File-Based Freezing or Private Blacklist: Controlled through local configuration files accessible only to validators and core developers.
  3. Onchain Smart Contract-Based Freezing: Managed through a smart contract residing on the blockchain.

Affected Networks

The report indicates that networks like BNB Chain, VeChain, Chiliz, Viction, and XDC Network have hardcoded freezing functionalities. Other networks, such as Aptos, Eos, and Sui, utilize configuration file-based freezing. Heco Chain is the only blockchain to manage a blacklist through an onchain smart contract.

Censorship and Centralized Control Concerns

The presence of these freezing mechanisms, even when intended to prevent theft or hacks, raises significant concerns about censorship and centralized control in blockchain systems. This adds to the growing debate about whether "decentralized" networks remain so in practice, as more projects integrate emergency controls, compliance modules, and admin-level privileges that blur the line between security and centralization.

Conclusion

This report highlights the need for increased scrutiny of blockchain protocols and their potential implications for decentralization. Users and investors should be aware of the underlying technical capabilities of the networks they utilize and understand the potential risks associated with fund freezing and censorship.


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